{"id":1241,"date":"2023-03-10T13:48:21","date_gmt":"2023-03-10T13:48:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/?page_id=1241"},"modified":"2026-03-24T14:17:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T13:17:56","slug":"glossary-overview","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/glossar-uebersicht\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-min-height:100vh;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" data-animationtype=\"fadeInUp\" data-animationduration=\"1.0\" data-animationoffset=\"top-into-view\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1497.6px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:70;line-height:var(--awb-typography1-line-height);\">Glossary<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-faqs-wrapper #accordian-1 .fusion-panel { border-color:var(--awb-color8); }.fusion-faqs-wrapper #accordian-1 .fusion-panel:hover{ border-color: var(--awb-color2); }.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 21px;width: 21px;}.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color2);}.fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .panel-title a{font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);}.fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .panel-title a:not(:hover){}.fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .toggle-content{font-family:var(--awb-typography4-font-family);font-weight:var(--awb-typography4-font-weight);font-style:var(--awb-typography4-font-style);}.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a:hover,.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a.hover { color: var(--awb-color2);}.fusion-faq-shortcode .fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a { color: var(--awb-color2);}.fusion-accordian #accordian-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .panel-title a:hover .fa-fusion-box,.fusion-accordian #accordian-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .panel-title a.hover .fa-fusion-box { color: var(--awb-color2); }.fusion-faqs-wrapper .fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a.active{ color: var(--awb-color2) !important;}.fusion-faqs-wrapper .fusion-accordian  #accordian-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .fusion-panel .panel-title a.active .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color2) !important;}.fusion-faqs-wrapper .fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .fusion-panel {padding-bottom: 1px;}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-faq-shortcode\" style=\"\"><ul role=\"menu\" class=\"fusion-filters clearfix\"><li role=\"presentation\" class=\"fusion-filter fusion-filter-all fusion-active\"><a role=\"menuitem\" data-filter=\"*\" href=\"#\">All<\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\" class=\"fusion-filter fusion-hidden\"><a role=\"menuitem\" data-filter=\".forschung-und-rueckgabe\" href=\"#\">Research and restitution<\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\" class=\"fusion-filter fusion-hidden\"><a role=\"menuitem\" data-filter=\".ns-staat\" href=\"#\">NS state<\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\" class=\"fusion-filter fusion-hidden\"><a role=\"menuitem\" data-filter=\".orte\" href=\"#\">Places<\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\" class=\"fusion-filter fusion-hidden\"><a role=\"menuitem\" data-filter=\".personen\" href=\"#\">Persons<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"fusion-faqs-wrapper\"><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\"><div class=\"panel-group  fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed\" id=\"accordian-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-4040 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">\u201aRacial hygiene\u2018 and \u201amaintaining the race\u2018 (\u201aRassenpflege\u2018)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:34:41+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-4040\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-4040\" href=\"#collapse-1-4040\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">\u201aRacial hygiene\u2018 and \u201amaintaining the race\u2018 (\u201aRassenpflege\u2018)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-4040\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-4040\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>Nazi racial policy classified people as racially \u2018superior\u2019 or \u2018inferior\u2019.  According to these principles, the German people (Volk) belonged to the superior \u2018Aryan race\u2019 which had to be kept \u2018pure\u2019.  The pseudo-scientific concept of \u2018racial hygiene\u2019 was applied for this purpose. Although the National Socialists had not devised the concept, they implemented it with methods that resulted in murder. In the National Socialist world view, Jews and people with disabilities were the chief source of \u2018contamination\u2019 and a threat to the \u2018Aryan race\u2019 and were ultimately to be eradicated.<\/p>\n<p>For more information (in German) see: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhm.de\/lemo\/kapitel\/ns-regime\/innenpolitik\/rassenpolitik.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LeMO NS-Regime - Domestic Policy - Racial Policy (dhm.de)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-4031 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Anschluss (annexation) of Austria<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:52:51+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-4031\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-4031\" href=\"#collapse-1-4031\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Anschluss (annexation) of Austria<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-4031\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-4031\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>On 12 March 1938 the German Wehrmacht invaded  Austria. A National Socialist government was installed there the same night and formally approved the \u2018Anschluss\u2019 (literally \u2018connection\u2019, \u2018joining\u2019) of Austria to the German Reich on 13 March 1938.<\/p>\n<p>The annexation of Austria was the Hitler regime\u2019s first major act of aggressive territorial expansionism. The measures introduced in Germany after 1933 to establish the National Socialist regime were swiftly enforced in Austria too.<\/p>\n<p>For more information (in German) see: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhm.de\/lemo\/kapitel\/ns-regime\/aussenpolitik\/anschluss-oesterreich-1938.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LeMO NS regime - Foreign policy - \u201eAnschluss\u201c Austria 1938 (dhm.de)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-4038 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Certificate of Aryan Descent (Ariernachweis)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-05-05T17:02:45+02:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-4038\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-4038\" href=\"#collapse-1-4038\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Certificate of Aryan Descent (Ariernachweis)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-4038\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-4038\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-3 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>From 1933 the National Socialists targeted \u2018non-Aryans\u2019 with an increasing number of professional bans and other discriminatory legislation. Anyone with a Jewish parent or grandparent was considered \u2018non-Aryan\u2019. A so-called Certificate of Aryan Descent (Ariernachweis) was required to prove \u2018pure Aryan descent\u2019.  It consisted of birth, marriage, and death certificates or proof of ancestry, all of which had to be officially authenticated.<\/p>\n<p>For more information (in German) see: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhm.de\/lemo\/kapitel\/ns-regime\/ausgrenzung-und-verfolgung\/ariernachweis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LeMO NS-Regime - Exclusion and Persecution - \u201eAryan Proof\u201c (dhm.de)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-60 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Aryanization (Arisierung)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/testarne\/\" rel=\"author\">Arne<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:59:49+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-60\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-60\" href=\"#collapse-1-60\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Aryanization (Arisierung)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-60\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-60\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-4 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p>Under the Nazi regime, \u2018Aryanization\u2019 (Arisierung) was defined as the compulsory transfer of Jewish property, businesses, and companies into non-Jewish ownership, often for a fraction of their actual value. The process forced Jews out of economic life and deprived them of their means of existence.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-607 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">ERR (Reichsleiter Rosenberg Task Force)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/testarne\/\" rel=\"author\">Arne<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:59:01+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-607\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-607\" href=\"#collapse-1-607\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">ERR (Reichsleiter Rosenberg Task Force)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-607\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-607\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-5 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p>The Reichsleiter Rosenberg Task Force (Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, ERR) was one of several organizations involved in looting art for the Nazis in Germany and the occupied territories.  It was named after the Nazi politician Alfred Rosenberg (1893\u20131946). The ERR confiscated Jewish-owned artworks and other forms of cultural property. The items were sold or transferred to German museums, but also ended up in the private collections of Nazi politicians, for example as part of the \u2018Sonderauftrag Linz\u2019 (\u2018Special Commission Linz\u2019) for the museum Hitler was planning in Linz, or Hermann G\u00f6ring\u2019s personal collection. The ERR operated in cities including Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, Riga, and Moscow.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-6484 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">F\u00fchrer Museum<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-07-17T16:09:45+02:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-6484\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-6484\" href=\"#collapse-1-6484\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">F\u00fchrer Museum<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-6484\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-6484\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-6 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>Adolf Hitler planned to realise a prestigious art museum in Linz on the Danube. To this end, he founded the Linz Special Commission in June 1939. This organisation was tasked with collecting works of art for the planned F\u00fchrer Museum by confiscating and purchasing them from all over Europe. He appointed Dr Hans Posse, the director of the Dresden Picture Gallery, as special commissioner.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-6489 personen\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Heinrich Himmler<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-12-02T10:29:44+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-6489\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-6489\" href=\"#collapse-1-6489\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Heinrich Himmler<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-6489\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-6489\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-7 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) is considered the second most powerful man in National Socialism after Hitler. He was Reichsf\u00fchrer of the SS and, as head of the German police, controlled the persecution apparatus of the Nazi state. During the Second World War, he was Minister of the Interior. He was the highest-ranking Nazi official responsible for the \u201eFinal Solution\u201c, the plan to murder the Jews of Europe.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-3218 personen\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Hermann G\u00f6ring<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T14:02:53+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-3218\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-3218\" href=\"#collapse-1-3218\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Hermann G\u00f6ring<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-3218\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-3218\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-8 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p>Hermann G\u00f6ring (1893\u20131946) was one of the most powerful political figures in the Nazi regime. He joined the Nazi Party in 1922. In 1933 Hitler appointed him prime minister (Ministerpr\u00e4sident) of Prussia, in 1935 he became Supreme Commander of the German air force (Luftwaffe), and from 1936 he was in charge of the Four-Year Plan for the German economy. In July 1941 G\u00f6ring issued instructions for the preparation of the \u2018final solution to the Jewish question\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6ring built up an extensive collection of cultural property through looting, extortion, and acquisition \u2013 second only to the collection amassed by Hitler. He stored the most valuable artworks at Carinhall, his country residence to the north of Berlin.<\/p>\n<p>As one of the main defendants at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, G\u00f6ring was sentenced to death in 1946, but he evaded execution by committing suicide.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-4206 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Jew house (Judenhaus)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-03-05T09:46:39+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-4206\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-4206\" href=\"#collapse-1-4206\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Jew house (Judenhaus)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-4206\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-4206\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-9 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>\u2018Jew house\u2019 (Judenhaus) originated as an administrative term under National Socialism. It described residential buildings to which Jews were forced to relocate to free up accommodation for the \u2018Aryan\u2019 population. The residents of \u2018Jew houses\u2019 had to live in cramped and insanitary conditions. This was often to be their last residence prior to deportation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-3198 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Levy on Jewish assets (Judenverm\u00f6gensabgabe)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:56:00+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-3198\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-3198\" href=\"#collapse-1-3198\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Levy on Jewish assets (Judenverm\u00f6gensabgabe)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-3198\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-3198\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-10 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p>On November 12, 1938 a compulsory levy was imposed on Jews in the Reich.  There had been plans for some time to introduce special taxes that would apply solely to Jews. Following the assassination of German embassy official Ernst vom Rath in Paris in November 1938, the Nazis seized the political opportunity and introduced a so-called atonement fine (S\u00fchnegeld) for the Jewish population. Vom Rath\u2019s assassination provided a welcome pretext to cover the acute financial shortfall in the Reich. Jews initially had to contribute one fifth of their assets to the Reich; the amount was later increased to a quarter.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-4209 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Kindertransport<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-08-09T16:55:08+02:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-4209\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-4209\" href=\"#collapse-1-4209\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Kindertransport<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-4209\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-4209\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-11 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>After the pogroms against Jews in Germany and Austria in November 1938 , the British parliament voted to allow Jewish children under the age of 17 to enter Great Britain. However, the children required a sponsor to guarantee funds for their care. A large number of individuals or communities assumed this responsibility. The operation was known as the Kindertransport. It enabled around 10,000 unaccompanied children to emigrate to Britain between December 1938 and September 1939. Many of them never saw their parents again.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-5678 forschung-und-rueckgabe\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Lost Art Database<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-10-14T17:02:47+02:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-5678\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-5678\" href=\"#collapse-1-5678\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Lost Art Database<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-5678\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-5678\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-12 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><p>Museums and collections as well as private individuals can post works of unclear origin in the Lost Art database. Conversely, a request for a missing work can also be placed. This makes it easier for current owners and heirs to find each other.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lostart.de\/de\/start\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lost Art Database of the German Lost Art Centre<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-3200 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Takeover of power<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:56:59+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-3200\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-3200\" href=\"#collapse-1-3200\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Takeover of power<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-3200\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-3200\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-13 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:0;--awb-flex-shrink-small:0;width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p>On January 30, 1933 Adolf Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor. This marked the start of the National Socialist dictatorship. The date is often associated with a \u2018takeover of power\u2019 . However, the process did not occur overnight and it took several more months for the Nazi regime to become firmly established.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-3216 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Mischling (\u2018half castes\u2019)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T14:02:24+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-3216\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-3216\" href=\"#collapse-1-3216\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Mischling (\u2018half castes\u2019)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-3216\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-3216\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-14 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><p>The Nuremberg Race Laws provided a legal definition of Mischlinge (\u2018half castes\u2019 or \u2018persons of mixed blood\u2019). Anyone with one Jewish grandparent was classified as a \u2018second-degree Mischling\u2019 and was initially spared from discrimination. Anyone with two Jewish grandparents was deemed a \u2018first-degree Mischling\u2019 and subject to significant persecution. At the end of 1943 the Nazi regime decided to deploy male \u2018first-degree Mischlinge\u2019 as forced laborers for Organization Todt (a Nazi organization carrying out large-scale infrastructure projects in occupied Europe). Anyone with three Jewish grandparents was considered a \u2018full Jew\u2019 (Volljude).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-4036 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">NS Laws on the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:52:24+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-4036\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-4036\" href=\"#collapse-1-4036\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">NS Laws on the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-4036\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-4036\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-15 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>On 7 April 1933 the \u2018Law on the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service\u2019 was adopted in the German Reich. Its purpose was to bring all state employees under National Socialist control and to dismiss any of them who were \u2018undesirable\u2019 or did not conform. The so-called Aryan Paragraph (\u00a7 3) of this law barred Jews from state employment.<\/p>\n<p>In Austria the \u2018Regulation on the Restructuring of the Austrian Professional Civil Service\u2019 came into force on 31 May 1938, shortly after the Anschluss.  Like its German counterpart, this law contained provisions to disenfranchise and exclude Jews and other opponents of the Nazi regime.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-3259 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">The Nuremberg Laws<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T14:03:35+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-3259\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-3259\" href=\"#collapse-1-3259\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">The Nuremberg Laws<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-3259\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-3259\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-16 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>The Nuremberg Race Laws were adopted on September 15, 1935 at the Nazi  Party rally in Nuremberg. The objective was to exclude anyone whom the National Socialists did not consider to belong to the \u2018national community\u2019 (Volksgemeinschaft) and thereby create a homogenous, \u2018racially pure\u2019 society. The provisions included a ban on marriage and sexual relations outside marriage between people defined as Jews and those defined as non-Jews. These laws provided the National Socialists with a legally binding basis for their antisemitic and racist ideology and overturned the principle of equality before the law.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-637 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Privileged mixed marriage (privilegierte Mischehe)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/testarne\/\" rel=\"author\">Arne<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T13:58:01+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-637\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-637\" href=\"#collapse-1-637\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Privileged mixed marriage (privilegierte Mischehe)<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-637\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-637\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-17 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><p>Unions between Jews and non-Jews went against the principles of National Socialist racial ideology. The Nazi government attempted to break up so-called mixed marriages (Mischehen) by introducing measures to persecute the spouses concerned. These measures were introduced in stages and there was significant regional differentiation. However, from 1939 Jews in \u2018mixed marriages\u2019 were excluded from certain discriminatory provisions (for example compulsory residence in \u2018Jew houses\u2019 (Judenh\u00e4user) and the wearing of the yellow star (Judenstern)), provided that their children did not receive a Jewish upbringing. This was an attempt to avoid the unrest that an overly radical approach would create on the \u2018Home Front\u2019 in war time. The Nazis classified such marriages as \u2018privileged\u2019. With the increasing radicalization towards the end of war, the protective veneer of \u2018mixed marriage\u2019 was stripped away as the Nazi leadership subjected Jewish spouses to persecution and ordered their deportation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7268 ns-staat\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Reich flight tax<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/anke\/\" rel=\"author\">Anke Luensmann<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-07-18T15:05:54+02:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-7268\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7268\" href=\"#collapse-1-7268\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Reich flight tax<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7268\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7268\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-18 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:09px;--awb-padding-right-small:0px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:0px;--awb-padding-left-small:0px;--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:0%;--awb-spacing-left-small:0%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:0px;--awb-margin-right:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;--awb-margin-left:0px;\"><p>Anyone who moved their place of residence from the German Reich to a foreign country had to pay Reich flight tax from 1931. 25%, i.e. a quarter of the assets, had to be surrendered. Initially, this special tax was intended to deter wealthy citizens from moving their money and place of residence abroad because they would otherwise no longer have paid taxes in Germany.<\/p>\n<p>The situation changed in 1933. The National Socialists now drove masses of people into emigration through marginalisation and persecution. The new rulers used the Reich Flight Tax specifically to plunder persecuted people economically and rob them of their livelihoods. Jewish refugees were the most affected.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7979 orte\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Soviet occupation zone<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/katharina-steins\/\" rel=\"author\">Katharina Steins<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2026-07-21T16:08:35+02:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-7979\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7979\" href=\"#collapse-1-7979\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Soviet occupation zone<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7979\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7979\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-19 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p>The Second World War ended in May 1945 with the capitulation of Germany. The Allied powers \u2013 the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the USA and France \u2013 divided Germany into four occupation zones and Berlin into four sectors. Each of the Allied powers took control of one zone and one sector. The Soviet Occupation Zone (SOZ) encompassed what is now Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia, as well as the eastern part of Berlin. In 1949, the German Democratic Republic developed from the SOZ and joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-57 forschung-und-rueckgabe\"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Washington Principles<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/author\/testarne\/\" rel=\"author\">Arne<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2024-02-21T14:00:38+01:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 id=\"faq_1-57\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-57\" href=\"#collapse-1-57\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-angle-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-angle-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Washington Principles<\/div><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-57\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-57\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-20 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><p>The \u2018Washington Principles\u2019 were agreed at an international conference in 1998. At the conference a total of 43 states and 13 non-governmental organizations pledged to identify cultural property that was seized, looted, or sold under duress and to reach just and fair solutions with the heirs.<\/p>\n<p>Germany subsequently issued the \u2018Joint Declaration by the Federal Government, the L\u00e4nder and the National Associations of Local Authorities on the Tracing and Return of Nazi-Confiscated Art, Especially Jewish Property\u2019 in 1999.<\/p>\n<p>On the Washington Principles :<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/kulturgutverluste.de\/en\/contexts\/nazi-looted-cultural-property\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/kulturgutverluste.de\/en\/contexts\/nazi-looted-cultural-property<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Explanatory video by the Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste (German Lost Art Foundation):<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sKL8aaJKXI8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sKL8aaJKXI8<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1241","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1241"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5928,"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1241\/revisions\/5928"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kunst-raub-rueckgabe.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}